Ida Husted Harper

Ida Husted Harper Known for:  suffrage activism, especially writing articles, pamphlets, and books; official biographer of Susan B. Anthony and author of the last two of six volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage Occupation:  journalist, writer Religion:   UnitarianDates:  February 18, 1851 – March 14, 1931Also Known As: Ida Husted Background, Family Mother: Cassandra Stoddard HustedFather: John Arthur Husted, saddler Education Public schools in IndianaOne year at Indiana UniversityStanford University, did not graduate Marriage, Children Husband: Thomas Winans Harper (married December 28, 1871, divorced February 10, 1890; attorney)Child: Winnifred Harper Cooley, became a journalist Ida Husted Harper Biography Ida Husted was born in Fairfield, Indiana. The family moved to Muncie for the better schools there, when Ida was 10. She attended public schools through high school.  In 1868, she entered Indiana University with the standing of a sophomore, leaving after just a year for a job as a high school principal in Peru, Indiana. She was married in December 1871, to Thomas Winans Harper, a Civil War veteran and attorney.  They moved to Terre Haute. For many years, he was chief counsel for the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, the union headed by Eugene V. Debs. Harper and Debs were close colleagues and friends. Writing Career Ida Husted Harper began writing secretly for Terre Haute newspapers, sending her articles in under a male pseudonym at first.  Eventually, she came to publish them under her own name, and for twelve years had a column in the Terre Haute Saturday Evening Mail called â€Å"A Woman’s Opinion.† She was paid for her writing; her husband disapproved. She also wrote for the newspaper of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen (BLF), and from 1884 to 1893 was editor of that paper’s Woman’s Department. In 1887, Ida Husted Harper became the secretary of the Indiana woman suffrage society.  In this work, she organized conventions in every Congressional district in the state. On Her Own In February 1890, she divorced her husband, then became editor in chief of the Terre Haute Daily News.  She left just three months later, after leading the paper successfully through an election campaign.  She moved to Indianapolis to be with her daughter Winnifred, who was a student in that city at the Girls’ Classical School.  She continued contributing to the BLF magazine and also began writing for the Indianapolis News. When Winnifred Harper moved to California in 1893 to begin studies at Stanford University, Ida Husted Harper accompanied her, and also enrolled in classes at Stanford. Woman Suffrage Writer In California, Susan B. Anthony put Ida Husted Harper in charge of press relations for the 1896 California woman suffrage campaign, under the auspices of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).  She began helping Anthony write speeches and articles.   After the defeat of the California suffrage effort, Anthony asked Harper to help her with her memoirs.  Harper moved to Rochester to Anthony’s home there, going through her many papers and other records. In 1898, Harper published two volumes of the Life of Susan B. Anthony. (A third volume was published in 1908, after Anthony’s death.) The following year Harper accompanied Anthony and others to London, as a delegate to the International Council of Women. She attended the Berlin meeting in 1904, and became a regular attendee of those meetings and also of the International Suffrage Alliance.  She served as chair of the International Council of Women’s press committee from 1899 to 1902. From 1899 to 1903, Harper was editor of a woman’s column in the New York Sunday Sun.  She also worked on a followup to the three-volume History of Woman Suffrage; with Susan B. Anthony, she published volume 4 in 1902.  Susan B. Anthony died in 1906; Harper published the third volume of Anthony’s biography in 1908.   From 1909 to 1913 she edited a woman’s page in Harper’s Bazaar.  She chaired the National Press Bureau of the NAWSA in New York City, a job for which she placed articles in many newspapers and magazines. She toured as a lecturer and traveled to Washington to testify to Congress several times.  She also published many of her own articles for newspapers in major cities. The Final Suffrage Push In 1916, Ida Husted Harper became part of the final push for woman suffrage.  Miriam Leslie had left a bequest to NAWSA that established the Leslie Bureau of Suffrage Education.  Carrie Chapman Catt invited Harper to be in charge of that effort.  Harper moved to Washington for the job, and from 1916 to 1919, she wrote many articles and pamphlets advocating woman suffrage, and also wrote letters to many newspapers, in a campaign to influence public opinion in favor of a national suffrage amendment. In 1918, as she saw that victory was possibly near, she opposed the entrance of a large black women’s organization into the NAWSA, fearing that would lose the support of legislators in the southern states. That same year, she began preparing volumes 5 and 6 of the History of Woman Suffrage, covering 1900 to victory, which came in 1920.  The two volumes were published in 1922. Later Life She stayed on in Washington, residing at the American Association of University Women.  She died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Washington in 1931, and her ashes were buried in Muncie. Ida Husted Harper’s life and work are documented in many books about the suffrage movement.

Early 20th Century Socialist Movement Essays

Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement Essays Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement Essay Women in the Late 19th/ Early 20th Century Socialist Movement Essay The differences between the women of the working and middle class created a situation of conflict for the first wave of feminists, despite both groups shared intention of bettering the lives of women. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century socialist movements in Europe was no different, it attracted many people looking for a better life, including working class womens groups. Lily Braun was one of these women, however, in spite of her dedication she failed to be accepted by the working or middle class womens groups because her background and her radical ideas placed her outside the boundaries of both groups. The main points of contention between the working and middle class women were the means by which they sought to improve the lives of women. For working class women, this meant implementing laws to protect women in the workplace, and allowing them access to unions. Middle class women felt that any special treatment for women undermined their claim that women were equal to men, and rallied against legislation that would give women special treatment. Lily Braun, despite her status as an educated and middle class woman, sided with the working class womens idea of legal protection for working mothers, including maternity leave and outlawing hazardous work. This paper will begin with a brief discussion of the goals of working and middle class womens groups and why these similar goals lead to conflict between the groups and conclude with a discussion of how Lily Brauns unique feminism failed to find a niche within either group. For women of the new capitalist class, discrimination based on gender differences was blatantly obvious in their daily lives alongside men of their own class who had achieved many of the political, educational and economic rights that they were still, as women, unable to achieve. These were women who did not share all the privileges of aristocratic women, but who, unlike working-class women, saw all the discrimination they faced originating from their sex, rather than their class. In 1894, the bourgeois women’s movement came together as a loose federation in the League of German Women’s Associations (Bund Deutsche Frauenvereine). Bourgeois feminists concentrated forcefully on ‘equal rights’ issues, such as property rights, fighting to overturn legislation that held that a woman needed her husband’s permission to work outside the home; that she had to turn over to him all her property and income; and that she was under the legal guardianship of her fa ther, then her husband. In contrast to the middle class women’s movement’s concern over gender inequality, the working women’s movement focused on class structure as the root of their oppression. Capitalism’s drive to exploit labor as cheaply as possible, and a trend to shift production to the factory while social reproduction (taking care of workers, rearing children) remains within the home had not invented women’s oppression, but had made its own ‘woman question’ from sexual oppression inherited from previous class societies. At the founding congress of the Second International in 1889, Clara Zetkin argued that under capitalism, woman was enslaved to man, as the worker was to capital. Economic independence would enable working-class women to play their part in class struggle, but without pressing the struggle forward to socialism, this would only replace slavery to a man with slavery to an employer. So the key to achieving women’s emancipation was a fundamental change in property relations production had to be owned and controlled collectively, the household economy had to be socialized to free women from the domestic burden. The socialist program for women’s liberation had to be a program for the abolition of class society. In her book A Vindication of the rights of Women in 1972, Mary Wollstonecraft emphasized the need to clear prior errors most of her predecessors had made.   She referred to the middle class women which she belonged as easy to twist and obscure with stereotypic shenanigans which they (men) clearly understood was only to assist them remain in power unperturbed.   Most of the women in the middle class viewed immediate satisfaction being the opening of doors to work in different areas after a long period of suppression.   Arguably, this was a remarkable achievement; however, Wollstonecraft understood the long way they had to go before they could claim they were really free in deed.   After partly accessing the much desired resources by women, the conflict was evident as the capitalist higher class women could figure out that the most important aspect that should have been celebrated was the access to political power which could be used to fix their subsequent problems with ease.à ‚   Considered to be part of undermining the middle class women, she emphasized on the need to rise above the virtues and the common wants of affection that were traditionally thought to be derived from family integration and women submission to their husbands. European Consortium for Political Research (41-13) indicates that in order to ensure better and responsible reference to the women roles, the perfection of their nature and capability of happiness should have been estimated by the degree of reason, virtue and knowledge which distinguishes the individual as well as the laws which bind the society and therefore set a basic platform for coterminous evaluation.   However, this notion was overshadowed by a strong dark cloud which made their quest vague in the society.   Even after the direct agreement that their considerations required to be urgently addressed, the quest ebbed out after the initial achievements.   Scholars argue that poor leadership between women in the society formed the direct platform for the delayed quest of their rights.   Whereas most of them were at the middle class where leadership skills had mostly not been attained, the upper class group failed greatly in closing the gap.   Having been mostly born of t he high class, they had access to better education and therefore the capacity necessary for ensuring better articulation of their ideologies to others and the leadership.   However, this link was not offered as most of them looked at the system from an individualistic mode.   As a result, great differences arose from lack of effective harmonization and inclusion of all women’s contribution into the main call for the fight to their rights.   Human nature has been pointed out as one of the most resistant systems to change.   Even when the essence for change is very clear, strong reminders are required for direct application. According to Lily Braun Alfred Meyer (11-121), Bourgeois women’s work was difficult in application and had little to encourage togetherness among the women.   Women were generally less advantaged during their daily work and the course for natural duties.   Of greater stress were the married women who had to cope with family aspects and live with fast deterioration of their systems. Most of the men abused their wives and put them in worse conditions to support themselves after childbearing took off their much needed ability to work.   Besides, they were unable to support their growing children, effectively work and participate in the quest for their common rights.   Therefore, closer interlink and harmonic evaluation of the intrinsic effects was missing as an analytical tool to induce their quest.   By their nature, women had much more roles to play which were not recognized by the system and men in various positions of authority.   Arguably, the roles played by wo men were assumed and only women could tell the extent of the impacts to their lives in the society.   Lily Braun, Alfred G. Meyer (18-22) continue to say that the direct emphasis had to come from the women themselves and forcefully too if they wanted to achieve the much anticipated status in the society.   Similar to men, they were monolithic in approach which never subsided during the different problems.   During problems and quest for common desires, men were considered to have strong similarity which bound them together. Sociologists argue that during the late 19th century, the society was directly anchoring itself to ensure women were permanently imprisoned in domestic affairs with minimal external consideration for their development.   Arguably, most of the men supported the idea and viewed their wives as lesser spouses who were supposed to be involved more with domestic affairs as opposed to the â€Å"mens† work in offices.   This was not just depressing but morally wrong and drove women from both classes to quest for liberation from the common system that sought to devour them. However, differences in approach for solution to a single problem is considered to be highly fatal than the problem it seeks to address (Richards, 74-76).   Most of the bureaucrats saw a direct chance of articulating their weird ideologies that were highly destructive for them.   To ensure they remained relevant and supportive to the higher class ruling elite, divide and rule system was easily effected.   However, this mostly affected the majority of women who were in middle class.   Most of the upper working class were already enlightened and could not easily be divided as they had the much required resources and social status that the middle class was struggling to get.   Therefore, by promising better lifestyle to the later, they changed their approach to the common problem that was facing them prompting the contrast. Political setting during early 20th century portrayed a direct disrespect for human nature that was highly guided by gluttony driven by those in power.   At this time, political power and â€Å"leadership† was a reservation for men.   As indicated earlier, most of the women were looked down upon and their interests could only be represented by men in administration.   Considering the direct bureaucratic nature of men whose minds were mostly war driven by then, women had less space and consideration or success.   Arguably, it was this lack of political muscle that courted the undercurrents for dividing and deviating women’s quest for unity.   Men in authority saw threat from women unity as it dawned to them that women were more and could easily turn around the management and operations of their selfish systems.   Though this forms a strong debate that is far from over, most of the scholars argue that men played a bigger role in Lily Braun calls of unity than did women of different social classes. Conclusion Much is to be gained by studying the different perspectives and conflicts between bourgeois and proletariat women’s groups during the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, especially in context with their class based reaction to Marxism that set them at odds with one another.   We learn that what was collectively referred to as the â€Å"woman question† in those days, was actually a much more complex matter that was rooted in the differences between the upper and middle class. In fact, one can consider the position of the working class women as â€Å"reluctant feminists† because their main interest was escaping their enslavement to the capitalist bourgeois, it becomes clear why reconciliation between the two groups was impossible. However, feminists such as Lily Braun strove for unity between the two groups, knowing that a united front would catalyze the changes necessary to improve women’s position in society. Braun’s maverick tendencies ev entually lead to her downfall within the women’s movement, as both sides rejected her contributions that did not coincide with existing ideals. Looking back on Braun’s writing with a modern perspective allows her work to be fully appreciated as ahead of its time, despite the rejection she received from her peers. Braun’s proposal to combine the efforts of both bourgeois and proletariat women’s groups may have gone unheeded during her lifetime, and the policies both groups chose to implement as distinct factions surely lead to lost opportunities, however eliminating the class and gender bias is a problem still faced today. Perhaps, even in our modern times taking a second look at Braun would allow society to rise above these persisting issues and work to better society as a whole.

Astro All Asia Networks ( DBA CONSULTANCY ) Assignment

Astro All Asia Networks ( DBA CONSULTANCY ) - Assignment Example Astro also runs production of films and its business ranges from commissioning and distribution of films. Its subsidiary Celestial Pictures own the largest film library in China. At present, Astro All Asia Networks is looking to expand its business in entertainment and media markets of the growing markets in Asia where there are ample scope of market penetration. Astro have invested in a joint venture of DTH services in India where the company envisages opportunity for growth. Apart from the opportunities, the threat to the company and concerns over its current positions are also important to study. Rationale of Study The rationale of the study is to examine the strategies of the Astro All Asia Networks in promoting its prospects of short term and long term growth. The current position of the company and the strategic methods of alliance for entering the foreign markets could be discovered with the help of this study. The study also provides an insight on the political, environmental , social, technological, economic and legal risk to which the company is exposed in its current business position. The strength, weakness, opportunities and threats to Astro could be analyzed with the help of this study. Significance of Study The significance of the study on Astro All Asia Networks and its current business position is that the performance of the company and its current position could be used to get an understanding of the position of media and entertainment industry. The threat of substitute products and services of the Astro could be analyzed with the help of this study. The emerging trends in the media and entertainment industry of Astro would provide information on the competitive market scenario. The current situation of Astro’s business could be analyzed to find the potential threats of the new market in the under-penetrated markets of Asia. Apart from this information on the bargaining power of the suppliers and the customers could also be obtained. Obj ectives of Study The objective of this study is to provide an insight to the managers of the concerns of the company, the emerging risks and threats to the business of the company. The study is aimed at investigating the threats of Astro’s business like the probabilities of convergence its businesses of digital media and entertainment with the business of computers, laptops and note books. The threats of World Wide Web to the business of Astro are also examined. The threats of mobile networks on the business of Astro are also examined with the help of this study. The study is also aimed at exploring possible weakness in terms of political, social and environmental exposure in the foreign markets for expansion activity. The technological, economic and legal challenges for Astro in its current situation are also investigated with the help of this study. Scope and Limitation of Study The scope of this study is that it provides an insight on the opportunities of expansion of Astr o All Asia Networks in Malaysia as well as in the under-penetrated markets of Asia. The possibilities for stabilization of acquisition cost of subscriber through its quality of services helps to judge the prospects of profitability of the company. T

Critical thinking Mo Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical thinking Mo - Coursework Example Some of the banks that have been affected by the uncertainty in the oil industry are those from the European Union, America and from the oil producing countries, however, banks in the United Arab Emirates have remained relatively stable especially in the bleak outlook of oil industry of 2011. Revising down of the economic outlook of the growth of OPEC countries from 3.7 to 3.6 was an ill advised idea, this is because that made the stakeholders get an escape path from being innovative and implementing structures that would have ensured that the growth rate is maintained even in the reduction of global demand for oil and oil products. Looking for other ways to diversify risk and cushion the economies would have produced better results than just revising down forecasts for growth. Investments in the oil industry are a key in ensuring stability in oil production and the $300 billion the OPEC member states have set aside for upstream investment in the oil industry is a right step in the right direction. Ensuring constant supply of oil and maintaining a reserve potential will enable the OPEC countries to be able to regulate prices from rising too high or going down too low. The idea of United Arab Emirates bank having weathered the economic crisis of the euro zone that happened in 2011 being solely dependent on internal structures to manage their risk preparedness is far-fetched and cannot be solely relied on to explain the stability. This is because the country, which exports second hand goods to Africa, has a significant part of its economy being driven by these exports; banks’ diversifying their products to this sector was also a contributing factor that made them more stable amidst the euro zone crisis. However, internal structures are needed in the banking industry of the oil producing countries especially those that have no other source of revenue to drive their economy and failure to this may

My favourite movie Essay Example for Free

My favourite movie Essay List of Grand Theft Auto Vice City Cheat Codes (PC) Weapon/Health Vice City cheats aspirine Max health canttakeitanymore Suicide thugstools Thug Weapons professionaltools Professional weapons nuttertools Heavy weapons preciousprotection Full armor youwonttakemealive Increase wanted level leavemealone Decrease wanted level Ads Anger Management in HDTataSky.com/Buy-NowBuy Tata Sky+ HD Never Miss The Latest Episode of Anger Management Download Gta Vice CityPlayOnlineGames.Inbox.comFast Access To 1,000s Of Games. Free, High Quality Flash Favorites! Gaadi.com No.1 Car Sitewww. gaadi.comIndias Leading Auto Portal. Review, Buy, Sell Your Car Now! Vehicle Vice City Cheats bigbang Destroy all cars wheelsareallineed Strip cars comeflywithme Flying dodo car greenlight All traffic lights are green miamitraffic Traffic moves faster travelinstyle Flying car panzer Spawn a tank thelastride Spawn a hearse rockandrollcar Spawn a limo rubbishcar Spawn a garbage truck gettherefast Spawn a sabre turbo betterthanwalking Spwan a caddy gettherequickly Fast car getthereveryfastindeed Faster car getthereamazinglyfast Fastest car iwantitpaintedblack Black traffic seaways Cars float on water gripiseverything Improved car handling ahairdresserscar Pink cars loadsoflittlethings Change wheel size General Game Play/Character Vice City Cheats apleasantday Nice weather alovelyday Great weather abitdrieg Cloudy weather catsanddogs Rain cantseeathing Fog lifeispassingmeby Speed up game stilllikedressingup Change pedestrian clothes fightfightfight Pedestrian riot nobodylikesme Pedestrians attack you ourgodgivenrighttobeararms Pedestrians have weapons onspeed Walk faster booooooring Walk Slower chickswithguns Bikini women with guns chasestat See wanted stats fannymagnet Tommy groupies certaindeath Tommy starts smoking deepfriedmarsbars Tommy is fatter programmer Tommy has thing arms and legs hopingirl Pedestrians get in your car cheatshavebeencracked Play as Ricardo Diaz looklikelance Play as Lance Vance mysonisalawyer Play as Ken Rosenberg looklikehilary Play as Hilary King rockandrollman Play as Love Fist character (Jezz Torent) weloveourdick Play as Love Fist character (Dick) onearmedbandit Play as Phil Cassidy idonthavethemoneysonny Play as Sonny Forelli foxylittlething Play as Mercedes http://menujupejwan.blogspot.in/2013/05/nfl-pro-2013-v149-apk-data.html

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster Essay -- Frankenstein essay

Frankenstein - The Humanity of the Monster      Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes, in novels like Frankenstein, the motives of the author are unclear.   It is clear however, that one of the many themes Mary Shelley presents is the humanity of Victor Frankenstein's creation.   Although she presents evidence in both support and opposition to the creation's humanity, it is apparent that this being is indeed human.   His humanity is not only witnessed in his physical being, but in his intellectual and emotional thoughts as well.   His humanity is argued by the fact that being human does not mean coming from a specific genetic chain and having family to relate to, but to embrace many of the distinct traits that set humans apart from other animals in this world.   In fact, calling Victor's creation a `monster' doesn't support the argument that he is human, so for the sake of this case, his name shall be Phil.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Victor ends up abhorring Phil, it is important to understand his motives of creation.   When Frankenstein discovers the power to bestow life, he ponders whether he should attempt creation of a being like himself or one of simpler organization (81).   He ultimately decides on creating a man--a human life form.   He did make the frame of a larger size, however the structure was designed in the same fashion as that of man.   Victor even professes to have selected Phil's traits as beautiful, with proportionate limbs and parts in which he endeavored to form with such pain and care (85).         Ã‚  Ã‚   Once Phil is endowed with life, during the first days of his existence, he ambles into the forests near Ingolstadt.   Though not to the same degree as man, here he feels pain, hunger, and the sensations of temperatur... ... Phil, because he was giving no name.   He was either addressed as "monster" or "daemon."   The name `Phil' was given to the monster in order to argue his humanity, just as Shelley made the monster articulate and intelligent, caring and benevolent so that his humanity could be argued in the first place.  Ã‚      "I imagined they would be disgusted, until, by my gentle demeanor and conciliation of words, I should first win their favor, then afterwards their love."   (*Milton, John. Paradise Lost.   In Shelly 294-96.)    Works Cited    Milton, John.   Paradise Lost.   In Shelly, Mary. Frankenstein.   N.P.: Broadview., 1999. P249-296. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Broadview.   1999. "Wolf Logs February 1-28, 2002"International Wolf Center. 26 Feb.2002.  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/8388/wolf.html  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Plutonium and Internet Start-Up Company Essay

Plutonium and internet start-up company which was founded at the beginning of the technology boom was developing the technological systems necessary to support the rapidly expanding user base. Plutonium purchased an expensive and complex billing system to automate the billing of internet accounts using a credit card to integrate its system. Jonathan, the manager of operations department, was given the phony credit card to help fix corrupted accounts created by the launch and integration. Chris an employee of Plutonium, who very knowledgeable and trusted was given the phony credit card number. Chris was using the credit card to access websites that have pirated software and music. After an FBI investigation, Chris was warned and put into probation. Jonathan was asked to write a warning letter to Chris. Few months later, Jonathan noticed a change in Chris’s behavior. He was making unusual purchases, such as Palm Pilots, MP3 Players. The first element of the fraud triangle is pressure. Every fraud perpetrator faces some kind of perceived pressure. Most pressures involve a financial need, although nonfinancial pressures, such as the need to report financial results better than actual performance, frustration with work, or even a challenge to beat the system, can also motivate fraud. Financial pressures often motivate misappropriation frauds by employees. Common pressures such as living beyond one’s means, greed, high debt, unrecognized performance and inadequate pay could lead employees to fraud. Chris had several perceived pressures to commit fraud. He has a family to support and he earned minimal wages compared to other who has his skills. Chris could have a student loan and other debts he has to pay in addition to taking care of his family. That could have caused him a lot of pressure. The second element of the fraud triangle is perceived opportunity. â€Å"The opportunity to commit and conceal fraud when a company has unclear policies and procedures, fails to teach and stress corporate honesty, and fails to prosecute those who perpetrate fraud. † (Romney 129). The opportunity for fraud is created when employees are given access to records and valuable information. In the case of Chris, he had the opportunity to commit fraud because he has the expertise in technology. He has the phony credit card given to him by his manager and he was able to use that without the knowledge of his manager or co-workers. The third element of fraud triangle is rationalization. Rationalization allows perpetrators to justify their illegal behavior. For example, a fraudster can rationalize by saying, â€Å"I only took what they owed me. Or the rules do not apply to me†. Perpetrators rationalize that they are not being dishonest, that honesty is not required of them, or that they value what they take more than honesty and integrity. â€Å"Some perpetrators rationalize that they are not hurting a real person, but a faceless and nameless computer system or an impersonal company that will not miss the money. † (Romney 130). Christ could have thought that he was underpaid and by using these credit cards he was not hurting anyone. He might have also used the lack of underpayment as justification for the use of the company’s credit cards for personal gain.

Curriculum Integration

Curriculum integration  has been identified among the most revolutionary pedagogical strategies in the interdisciplinary approach to education. Julie Thompson Klein (2006) explained that in curriculum integration,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Disciplinary and subject boundaries are blurred and connections magnified†¦Integration becomes the purpose of education, not simply a tool. In student-centered curricula, the students’ worlds, not a school- or government-mandated syllabus, become the heart of learning.Students even participate in selecting the themes and problems they will study, and they often work together collaboratively. †Ã‚  (Klein 2006, p. 14). Educators first explored the concept of integrating curriculum in the 1890s. Over the years, there have been numerous educational researchers, e. g. , Susan Drake, Heidi Hayes Jacobs, James Beane and Gordon Vars, who have described various interpretations of curriculum integration, referring to the curriculum as interwoven, connect ed, thematic, interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, correlated, linked and holistic.Many educators, e. g. , Robin Fogarty, go beyond a single definition of curriculum integration and view it instead as a continuum. Furthermore, curriculum integration aims to improve students’ interdisciplinary understanding, defined as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the capacity to integrate knowledge and modes of thinking in two or more disciplines to produce cognitive advancement – e. g. explaining a phenomenon, solving a problem, creating a product, raising a new question – in ways that would have been unlikely through single disciplinary means. †Ã‚  (Klein 2006, p. 5) While the true origins of the theory of integration are numerous and wide-ranging, a general consensus identifies the work of German educator Johann Herbart (1776-1841) as the â€Å"germ† of the modern integration movement. From Herbartian beginnings, the first half of the twentieth century saw a development of curricu lum integration through the project approach, core curriculum movement, and problem-centered core curricula (Klein 2006). Each involved varying levels of priority shifting from separate subject knowledge acquisition to problem-solving experiences that integrated disciplinary learning.That period also reflected the influence of John Dewey’s views on the social purposes of education. Educators interested in integration began to consider the school’s role in expanding democracy and encouraging the development of values and skills necessary for the â€Å"common life. † (Beane 1997) Beane (1997) defined curriculum integration as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"curriculum design that is concerned with enhancing the possibilities for personal and social integration through the organization of curriculum around significant problems and issues, collaboratively identified by educators and young people, without regard for subject area boundaries.   (Beane 1997, p. x-xi) Teachers who adopt thi s kind of curriculum have to make several shifts in the traditional teacher-student relationship, such as sharing decision making with students, focusing more on student concerns than predetermined content guidelines, learning along with students in unfamiliar areas, and taking student constructions of meaning seriously. The upside to taking on such a challenging role is the improved relations with students in these classrooms.By placing students at the center of all learning endeavors, these teachers tend to have fewer curricular conflicts and classroom management issues. (Beane 1997) Curriculum integration is clearly far from taking the easy road, but it may well be worth it. Curriculum integration can be described as an approach to teaching and learning that is based on both philosophy and practicality. It can generally be defined as a curriculum approach that purposefully draws together knowledge, skills, attitudes and values from within or across subject areas to develop a more powerful understanding of key ideas.Curriculum integration occurs when components of the curriculum are connected and related in meaningful ways by both the students and teachers. Curriculum integration is more than a clustering of related learning outcomes. The selection of learning experiences should be based on the extent to which they promote progress or broaden and confirm understanding. There is no one best way to integrate the curriculum; however, the following key requirements should be met for successful integration.

Audit Proposal Essay Example

Audit Proposal Essay Example Audit Proposal Essay Audit Proposal Essay Audit Proposal Waleska Wojciak University of Phoenix April 5, 2010 Introduction Control procedures are important in the efficient operation of an accounting information system (AIS). Organizations have audits to ensure procedures are functioning properly and there is no need for additional controls. This research of internal, external, financial, risk assessment, and information technology audits will examine and ensure that internal controls have been correctly placed and properly functioning. Kudler Fine Foods can use audits for their systemsâ„ ¢ processes, as they involve information technology (Bergranoff, Nancy (2008)). Types of audits Internal or external audit concerns employee adherence to company policies, procedures, and development of internal controls. Audits on information technology involve the evaluation of the computerâ„ ¢s role in achieving audit and control objectives. These audits encompass the components of the computer-based AIS: people, procedures, hardware, data communications, software, and databases. They are broad in scope and include auditing for fraud and ensuring that employees are not copying software programs. The four types of information technology (IT) audits are: Attestation, Findings and Recommendations, SAS 70 Audit, and SAS 94 Audit. The three types of IT audits that will be used at Kudler Fine Foods will be Attestation, SAS 94, and Financial Audit. IT auditors can use the Attestation and Financial Audits for accounts payable, accounts receivable, and payroll as they confirm that numbers on the financial statements are correct, internal procedures are compliant with COSO, and check sales contracts with third parties. For the inventory and payroll departments the SAS 94 Audit can be used as it helps auditors gain an understanding of how recurring and nonrecurring journal entries are initiated, entered, and processed through the companies information system and the IT components evaluated are: physical and environment review, system administration review, application software review, network security review, business continuity review, and data integrity review (Bergranoff, Nancy (2008). Attestation Attestation audits provide assurance for which the client is responsible, such as verifying that internal controls are effectively using the standards of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The auditor will perform an examination, review, or agreed-upon the procedure (AUP); provide a written report often called Report to Management based on the findings. Typically, AUP is a negative assurance report in which the auditor states what it was done, what was found or lack of and provides feedback to the user of the report. Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE 10) specifically identify COSO as suitable criteria. Commission agreement reviews is another type of attest procedures in which the auditor verify that a clients commission agreement is being properly accounted for and it includes the review of contracts between clients and third party. WebTrust engagement objective is to evaluate a companys website according to AICPA/CICA standards. Sy sTrust engagements evaluate the reliability of the companys business information. Financial projections include financial statement forecast and proforma financial information. Auditors are only involved to the extent the auditor needs to use special software to perform projections (Bagranoff, Nancy (2008). SAS 94 Audit A SAS 94 Audit is performed by an auditor when a company undergoes a financial audit; requires the auditor to consider the effect of the companyâ„ ¢s information technology on its assessment of control risk. Specifically, when a company has a significant amount of transactions processed electronically that the auditor cannot restrict detention risk to an acceptable level by performing only substantive tests. This audit requires the auditor to consider how a clientâ„ ¢s IT processes affects internal control, evidential matter, and the assessment of control risk; gain an understanding of how transactions are initiated, entered, and processed during the clients information system. The SAS 94 Audit helps auditors gain an understanding of how recurring and nonrecurring journal entries are initiated, entered, and processed through the companys information system. SAS 94 applies to most companies undergoing an audit in which both the financial and IT components are evaluated and invol ves: physical and environment review, system administration review, application software review, network security review, business continuity review, and data integrity review. Financial Statement Audits In the audit of financial statements, the auditors ensures that the preparation of financial statements are in conformity with general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or a comprehensive basis other than GAAP. The main objective of the risk assessment audit approach is to review the system control procedures to evaluate the risks associated with any control weaknesses to the integrity of the accounting data in the financial reports. This approach provides auditors with a good understanding of the errors and irregularities that can occur in a companyâ„ ¢s AIS environment, related risks and exposure, and ensure that the cost of control procedures do not outweigh their value. The risks relevant to financial reporting include external and internal events that may affect adversely the entityâ„ ¢s ability to initiate, record, process, and report financial data. Risks can arise or change because of circumstances such as the following: changes in operating systems, new personnel, new or revamped information systems, and rapid growth. To avoid these risks systems and programs may include controls related to the corresponding assertions for significant accounts or may be critical to the effective functioning of manual controls that depend on information technology (IT) (AU Section 319) (Bergranoff, Nancy (2008)). How audits will be conducted Regardless the types of audit, auditors use a defined life cycle, which is called the IT Audit Life Cycle. This cycle provides the basic procedures for any audit to be conducted. To conduct an audit certain standards have to be abide and taken into consideration. These standards include the Statements of Auditing Standards, the IS Audit Standards, Guidelines, and Procedures of the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), the AICPAâ„ ¢s Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE), the International Auditing Standards of the international Federation of Accountants (IFAC), and the ISACAâ„ ¢s Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (Cobit) (Hunton, Bryant, and Bagranoff, 2004). While understanding and following each standard, auditor use the Audit Life Cycle as a guideline, which steps include: strategic planning, risk assessment, preparing the audit program, gathering audit evidence, forming conclusions based on the evidence obtain ed, preparing the audit opinion, and following up (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). The Audit Life Cycle Planning. The first step of the Audit Life Cycle entails planning the audit project. Auditors have to determining what the risks are, familiarizing themselves with the audit client and the clientâ„ ¢s environment, and laying out a plan for conducting the audit. This involves defining who will staff the audit and how the audit will generally be conducted. ISACA Standard 050.010, Audit Planning, states: The information systems auditor is to plan the information systems audit work to address the audit objectives and to comply with applicable professional auditing standards (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). When planning the project, an auditor must also define the scope and control objectives, set materiality, and determine if company wants to outsource to a third party. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, the scope of the audit determines the nature and extent of testing to be performed in the audit (2004). Setting the level of materiality is also done within the planning s tage. The level of materiality establishes the scale auditors use to gauge the importance of exceptions. Generally, materiality is represented as the percentage of total sales or total assets. Risk Assessment, or What Can Go Wrong. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, auditors use a risk-based audit approach to conduct an audit. This assessment entails asking the question of What can go wrong Auditors focus on determining what the critical support processes are for a given audit process (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, 2004). This enables auditor clearly to identify the controls that should be in place to safeguard the integrity of the process under an audit. The risk-based approach involves the client, the industry and environment in which the client operates, and the nature of the clients business processes (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). Hunton, Bryant, and Bagranoff state that without a thorough understanding, the auditor may fail correctly to identify the critical business processes and corresponding internal controls that he should evaluate (2004). Materiality also plays an important part in risk assessment because if a control is absent, [then] how material i s that control (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). Auditors may not test minor processes for control, after that the benefits will not outweigh the value. The Audit Program. The audit program includes the several components: the audit scope, objectives, procedures, and administrative details, such as planning and reporting (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). This program should document the workpapers because it serves as a template for the work to be performed. After the audit is completed, the audit program provides documentation as to who performed individual audit procedures and references to the workpapers where the results of each test and audit step can be viewed (2004). The Audit Program enables the audit to be tracked from planning to report. Auditors can use the template to distinctively define the audit projects scope, objectives, procedures, and administrative details. Gathering Evidence. Gathering evidential matter is the essential part of the audit. It provides the foundation for the audit opinion. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, the ISACA Guideline 060.020.030 identifies several types of evidence (2004). Auditors can use the following but not limited to, as field work evidence: Observed processes and existence of physical items such as computer operations or data backup procedures, documentary evidence such as program change logs, system access logs, and authorization tables, and representations such as client-provided flowcharts, narratives, and written policies and procedures (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, 2004). Auditors may request more information from the client if sufficient evidence is not retrieved to satisfy a given objective. If the auditor cannot obtain the sufficient evidence, he/she must give consideration of the materiality of the evidence and the effect on the scope of the audit (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). Auditor must realize that not all evidence is created equal. Forming Conclusions. After all the audit evidence is gathered, it is the auditorâ„ ¢s job to evaluate the evidence and form conclusions about whether the audit objectives were met and the sufficient (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)). This conclusion is based on the procedures performed in arriving at an audit opinion. The auditor should also identify reportable conditions, which are any situation that comes to the attention of the auditor that represents a substantial control weakness (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, 2004). The auditor conclusions will never be astonished to management personnel because auditors are to bring any anomalies to the attention of management when they are discovered. The auditorâ„ ¢s top priority is to identify to management any substantial weaknesses in internal control with material misstatements in the financial statements. The Audit Opinion. No standard audit report, just as it is no standard audit program. ISACA Guideline 070.010.010 provides guidance for items to be included in the audit report. The audit report may include, but no limited to items as: the name of the organization audited, title, signature, date, statement of the objectives of the audit and whether the audit met these objectives, and scope of the audit, including the functional audit area, the audit period covered and the information systems, applications or processing environments auditedâ„ ¢ (Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, (2004)).These items will enable the audit opinion to be thorough and conclusive for a follow-up. Following Up. The final stage of the Audit Life Cycle is follow-up. According to Hunton, Bryant, Bagranoff, after the auditor communicates audit results to the client and delivers the audit opinion to the client, the auditor will make provisions to follow-up with the client on any reportable conditions or deficiencies the audit uncovered during the course of the audit (2004). It may take longer for the client to reconcile when there are deficiencies, but auditor and client will agree on the extent and timing of the follow-up procedure during the exit interview. The follow-up may take the form of the following: a telephone call to management and subsequent documentation of the conversation, or the auditor may schedule additional audit procedures to satisfy all parties that management has corrected a material internal control weakness. Each of these six steps enables the auditor to conduct an effective audit. Events that might prevent reliance on auditing through computer IT auditing around the computer involves arriving at an audit opinion through examining and evaluating managements internal controls and them the input and output controls only for application systems. This may be cost effective to audit around the computer when IT systems are simple, clear audit trail exists, and high reliance is placed on user internal controls. Auditing through the computer is costly because you are reviewing the processing logic and internal controls that exist within the system, the records produced by the system, perform compliance test of the computer controls, and perform substantive test of account balances. By auditing through the computer auditors have the power to test an application control system more effectively. The objectives of application controls are to ensure completeness and accuracy of accounting records and the validity of entries made resulting from both manual and programmed processing. Challenges of working through the computer system cou ld be lack of visible evidence and systematic errors, lack of internal controls, lack of the availability of accurate data, and the length of time it is retained in a readily usable form. General controls are developed, maintained and operated, and which are therefore applicable to all of the applications. If there is a lack of general controls within a system, then the auditor can perform test data, integrated test facility, and a parallel simulation to contribute to the assurance of a specific general control because the application controls and the general controls are inter-related. Summation An auditing proposal consists of specific guidelines required to complete an Information System (IS) Audit. By conducting specific audits for each of the processing programs, Kudler Fine Foods can appropriately change any internal or external control issue that can create inaccurate data, untimely data and evaluate the risk associated with running the newly implemented computer automated systems. References AU Section 319. (2007). Consideration of Internal Control in a Financial Statement audit. Retrieved from: Bergranoff, Nancy. (2008). Information technology auditing. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix Library website: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx Bergranoff, Nancy. (2008). Computer controls for organizations and accounting information Systems. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix Library website: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx Bergranoff, Nancy. (2008). Core concepts of accounting information systems. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix Library website: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx Hunton, J. A., Bryant, S. M., Bagranoff, N. A. (2004). Core concepts of information technology auditing. New York: Wiley Sons. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx

Latan and Darleys cognitive model Essays

Latan and Darleys cognitive model Essays Latan and Darleys cognitive model Paper Latan and Darleys cognitive model Paper According to Piliavin, there are two major influences on Bystander intervention, the first is arousal, the response to the need or distress of others; this is the basic motivational construct. This component suggests that the bystander feels discomfort and seeks to reduce this by intervention. This component differs from Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys model as it moves away from cognitive processes. The second component, cost-reward, is similar to the decision model as it introduces cognition. In this section the Bystander determines the costs and rewards of intervening or remaining uninvolved. This is similar to stage 3 in the decision model whereby the Bystander decides whether to assume personal responsibility. The idea that the Bystander will choose the response that most rapidly reduces the discomfort produced by arousal is supported by Dovidio et al. 1991. (Gross 2001) Another factor in explaining why bystanders choose not to intervene that can be applied to both theories is the cost of time. This was shown in a content analysis of answers given in response to five written traffic accident scenarios (Bierhoff et al. 1987) (Montada Bierhoff 1991). People who have demanding lives find waiting frustrating, this is why the willingness to sacrifice time for a person in need can be seen as generous (time is money: Bierhoff Klein, 1988) (Gross 2001). The most frequently mentioned motives for helping were; enhancement of self esteem and moral obligation. These motives are clearly demonstrated in Piliavins model within the cost-reward component. One fundamental difference between Piliavin et al.s (1969, 1981) Arousal-Cost-Reward model and Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys (1970) Cognitive model is the structure. Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley focused on a stage-by-stage procedure to determine whether help would be given; this model suggests that bystander intervention would not occur unless all five stages are completed. However, Piliavin et al. focused specifically on two main components to explain bystander behaviour. A similarity between the structures is the cause and effect relationship, in both the cognitive and the arousal-cost-reward model the preceding stages/components affected the outcome and therefore determined whether intervention occurred. One theory that connects both Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys Cognitive model and Piliavin et al.s Arousal-Cost-Reward model is Sherifs (1935) Autokinetic Paradigm; a study in which Sherif used this optical illusion to determine participants reactions when asked to say how far the light was moving. Results showed that 100% of participants changed their answers when put in groups with confederates. This, it has been suggested, is similar to the nature of an emergency as both situations involve uncertainty, ambiguity and a lack of structure in terms of a proper basis for judgement or action. Therefore it could be assumed that in both cases the individual will look to others for guidance on how to think and act. This has been shown in Latan and Rodins (1969) experiment (Latan Nida 1981) and also in the case study of Kitty Genovese case (1964) (Gross 2001). Research has found that not only does the influence of others determine Bystander Behaviour; gender is also seen to have an effect on Bystander intervention. In terms of the arousal-cost component of Piliavins model, research has suggested that women help only certain people in certain ways (Eagly Crowley 1986). This could help to explain why some bystanders experience higher levels of arousal than others. The idea of gender could also be applied to Latan and Darleys cognitive model within the final stage in that women may feel more competent in some situations and therefore are more likely to intervene then men. In conclusion, Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darleys (1970) Cognitive model and Piliavin et al.s Arousal-Cost-Reward model have many similarities between them. They both attempt to explain why bystanders intervene in an emergency by using cognitive processes; they also address the possibility of social influences affecting bystander intervention. However a fundamental difference between them is in the cost-reward component of Piliavins model as it raises the issue of personal gains or costs from intervening whereas Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley only address this briefly within stage three of the decision model. Despite these similar and contrasting ideas both theories have had a huge impact on social psychology and continue to generate research. References: Cardwell, M., Clark, L., Meldrum C. (2001). Psychology for A2 Level. p64. Corsini, R.J. (1999) The Dictionary of Psychology. p133. Eagly, A and Crowley, M. (1986). Gender and Helping Behaviour: A meta analysis review of the social psychology literature. Psychological Bulletin, vol 100, no 3, p284. Gross, R. (2001). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (Fourth Edition). pp434-438.

Management (potential automated systems) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management (potential automated systems) - Essay Example Automation has implications for both the engine and deck departments. One of the primary responsibilities of the deck department is safe navigation. They are responsible for communicating with other ships, communicating with the vessel tracking system, planning safe courses, executing courses, and avoiding collision with other ships. When executing manoeuvres, the deck department communicates the required changes in engine speed to the engine room, where the appropriate adjustments are made. Automation plays a major role in the deck department, and prototype systems suggest that automation may play an even more important role in the future. Automation in the deck department began with the development of the radar, and has progressed to radar enhanced with automated radar plotting aids. More recently, the electronic chart display information system is beginning to replace paper charts. Perhaps the most advanced automation systems are artificial intelligence systems that combine naviga tion and ship performance information to provide routing and manoeuvring suggestions to the crew. Other developments include more advanced autopilots that enhance fuel efficiency, and complex combinations of engine, rudder, and thruster's controllers that enable the watch officer to dock the ship without need for multiple tugboats. Several countries are working to develop fully integrated bridges that combine elements of all these automated systems to produce an integrated suite of navigation and ship control aids. These changes may make it possible for a single person to act as the helmsman, lookout, and watch officer. (Dicken, 2003) Similar changes have occurred in the engine department. Older ships operate with a 24-hour watch consisting of a wiper, a water-tender, a fireman, and an engineer. However, technology has automated many aspects of the engineering department and has made unattended engine rooms possible. Automation supports planned maintenance with computerized schedules of maintenance tasks. Automation also supports predictive maintenance by tracking changes in vibration signatures of engine components and providing sophisticated ultrasound data that verify the structural integrity of system components. On these ships, the engine room is monitored remotely and engineers perform maintenance during normal work hours. (Dicken, 2003) Automation Pros & Cons Automation on modern ships has begun to blur the distinction between the deck and engineering departments. In older ships, a bell system relayed bridge commands to the engine room, where the engines were manually adjusted to meet bridge orders. Now, direct control from the bridge allows the deck department to implement engine speed changes directly. In addition, displays on the bridge convey data that were once only available to the engineering department. Providing deck personnel with data from the engine room imposes new demands on them. These changes may introduce new knowledge requirements regarding interpretation of engine room data similar to those found in the process control domain. Introducing remote monitoring systems distances mariners from a wide variety of potentially useful information (smells, noises, vibrations) only available in the engine room

Interest of Tree Growth along the Tagliamen River Statistics Project

Interest of Tree Growth along the Tagliamen River - Statistics Project Example Site A was the furthest upstream site, with the other sites following in an alphabetical order to the seventh, site G. Measurements were taken in two sessions; the first in 2005 and the second in 2010. 140 measurements were taken in each of the two sessions. The average tree height was 304.75 cm (std. dev. = 28.67), with the tallest being 407cm and the shortest 247 cm. The average trunk diameter for the 180 trees was 2.12 (std. dev. = 0.55), with the thickest being 5.0 cm and the thinnest 1.1 cm. The average number of annual growth rings was 8.38 (std. dev. = 3.38); the maximum is 20 and the minimum 3. Based on the ‘river data’, measurements of the various components of the river’s waters were done between the 65th and 90th years. The 90th year had the most measurements, with 19 (6.8%) occurring in that year. The 71st year had the least number of measurements (1, 0.4) recorded. Through the years, June and November recorded the lowest number of measurements taken ( 20, comprising 7.2% for each) while July and December recorded the highest number (26, comprising 9.3% for each). Most measurements were taken on the 1st day of any month (96, translating to 34.4%) while none were taken on the 21st and 25th days. The average depth of the water in the river was 0.389m (std. dev. = 0.147), with the deepest measurement taken at 0.782m and the shallowest 0.036m. The average discharge rate was 10.663m3/s (std. dev. = 4.203), with the highest rate reported at 22.653m3/s and the lowest at 3.751 m3/s. The research sought to investigate the research question: is there the significant positive correlation between the depth of water in the river and the rate of discharge reported? Correlation analysis was undertaken. The test hypothesis is: The Pearson correlation coefficient was statistically significant (Ï  = 0.764, p < 0.001). The null hypothesis was rejected at the 5% level of significance.